Dreams Essay example - 3042 Words

Dreams When we sleep we do much more than just rest our weary bones; we tap into our subconscious mind (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). The subconscious has much to offer about oneself. The average human being spends one third of their life in sleep and during each sleep approximently two hours is spent dreaming (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). These dreams are important because they are the voice of our subconscious. Dreams and theories on dreams go as far back as 2000 BC in Egypt. One of the first organized glimpses into the diagnostics of a dream came in an Egyptian book called†¦show more content†¦The imagery in dreams comes from daily life (Freud 1900). You must understand that the subconscious can only talk in a language that the conscious can understand, therefore it uses imagery. So to put it in lay terms Youll never see an object in dream that you havent seen in your daily life (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). This statement raises an interesting question. What do blind people who nev er see anything dream about? The answer to this question is even more puzzling. The subconscious speaks to blind people using all other sensory modalities such as hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Instead of seeing things blind people will hear or smell things in their dreams. Helen Keller talked of seeing in her dreams much as she saw when she was awake (let it be stated that Helen Keller was blind). The subconscious is usually the right side of the brain or the opposite side of persons writing hand. Within the subconscious lie different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979. The conscious part of the mind works whenShow MoreRelatedDreams And Dreams : Dreams1425 Words   |  6 PagesAvery Alexander English III Mr. Tarr 26 April 2015 Dreams Throughout our dreaming experience, we feel different sensations, emotions, and thoughts interpreted through images in a person’s mind. During our unconscious process, the meanings of our inner thoughts are experienced through dreams. Some psychologists believe dreams are connected to our real emotions and others may see dreams as a specific meaning related to one’s life (Young). Dreams can put us in touch with our real motives in life dueRead MoreDream And Dream - Dream Killers1012 Words   |  5 PagesDream killers You know the type, the ones who think that just because they did not make it, then you can t, the Debbie Downers who can t see beyond their pathetic existence to dream of something bigger. The one who will never achieve much because they fail to dream and dream to fail, these are the dream killers. Conversation #1 You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am thinking of starting my own business Them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why you want to do that? You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Because I have always wanted to work for myself? ThemRead MoreDreams And Dreams1729 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations and true meanings of dreams has expanded and has varied over centuries and cultures. Many of the earlier studies were based on culture’s and the interpretation of dreams, but also used as a form of prophecy, inspiration, and guidance. Many people still believe this such, people today beliefs and theories have opened up to a more vast interpretation, they are made up of; dreams are rare brain activity, dreams allow people to reflect on themselves, or that dreams are too massive to be correctlyRead MoreDreams : The Causes Of Dreams And Dreams987 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind† (Myers). They can occur anytime during sleep. Although most vibrant dreams occur during deep sleep, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when a person’s brain is more active. Most people tend to have at least 4 to 6 dreams per night while in REM sleep. While everyone dreams during sleep, but not everyone remembers. Scientist aren’t quite sure why some people remember more than others, but there are manyRead MoreDreams And Dreams1893 Words   |  8 PagesEvery single one of us dreams and each one is experienced at a personal level, but interpreting them and figuring what they actually mean is still a mystery to us all. The histories of dreams, dates all the way back to over 5,000 years ago. These were the times where they would still write things down on clay tablets. Even then, we were already interested in what dreams meant. During the Greek and Roman eras, dreams were perceived in a religious sense. If they were good dreams, they would be interpretedRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDreams and the Subconscious Are dreams a way of processing life events, or are they really messages from the subconscious? This phenomenon has always interested me, and I am extremely grateful this opportunity has arisen for me to research dreams in more depth. Since childhood, I have been intrigued with dreams and how similar they can be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreamsRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to understand what dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happe ned. A dream like this is considered oneRead MoreThe Dream Of A Lucid Dream1403 Words   |  6 PagesIt is said that a lucid dream is a dream that can be induced or controlled and is characterized by the dreamer being aware that he or she is dreaming (Lucid). When lucidity occurs, the dreamer â€Å"wakes up† inside the dream during fixed states of cognizance. Dreams are caused by things â€Å"†¦our mind knows, however which we cannot handle, is disturbing or something that we keep reiterating to ourselves† (Ganguly). This is why distinguishing significant dream symbols from ambient symbols is important forRead MoreThe Dream Of A Dream Story1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficulties of life after his accident. The dream that can be analyzed in this essay is the idea of being useful in life and towards society; Friedman describes Bret’s process in achieving this dream through the inclusion of characters’ thoughts and actions. This narrative technique rev eals the idea that dreams are not always singular, the people surrounding you can play a crucial role in your dream story, and factors that affect your dream can also change the dreams of surrounding people. Bret’s storyRead MoreDreams : What Are Dreams?1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are dreams? Are they the mind’s way of entertaining itself while you sleep, or are they your unconscious trying to tell you something? If you chose the ladder, you are on the right track. The mind can’t talk to you, you don t hear voices in your head unless you are a Schizophrenic. The only way that our unconscious mind has a way to communicate, is when you are asleep. The idea that dreams are trying to tell you something is simple, but understanding what the dream is trying to say can be difficult

Dreams Essay example - 3042 Words

Dreams When we sleep we do much more than just rest our weary bones; we tap into our subconscious mind (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). The subconscious has much to offer about oneself. The average human being spends one third of their life in sleep and during each sleep approximently two hours is spent dreaming (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). These dreams are important because they are the voice of our subconscious. Dreams and theories on dreams go as far back as 2000 BC in Egypt. One of the first organized glimpses into the diagnostics of a dream came in an Egyptian book called†¦show more content†¦The imagery in dreams comes from daily life (Freud 1900). You must understand that the subconscious can only talk in a language that the conscious can understand, therefore it uses imagery. So to put it in lay terms Youll never see an object in dream that you havent seen in your daily life (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). This statement raises an interesting question. What do blind people who nev er see anything dream about? The answer to this question is even more puzzling. The subconscious speaks to blind people using all other sensory modalities such as hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Instead of seeing things blind people will hear or smell things in their dreams. Helen Keller talked of seeing in her dreams much as she saw when she was awake (let it be stated that Helen Keller was blind). The subconscious is usually the right side of the brain or the opposite side of persons writing hand. Within the subconscious lie different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979. The conscious part of the mind works whenShow MoreRelatedDreams And Dreams : Dreams1425 Words   |  6 PagesAvery Alexander English III Mr. Tarr 26 April 2015 Dreams Throughout our dreaming experience, we feel different sensations, emotions, and thoughts interpreted through images in a person’s mind. During our unconscious process, the meanings of our inner thoughts are experienced through dreams. Some psychologists believe dreams are connected to our real emotions and others may see dreams as a specific meaning related to one’s life (Young). Dreams can put us in touch with our real motives in life dueRead MoreDream And Dream - Dream Killers1012 Words   |  5 PagesDream killers You know the type, the ones who think that just because they did not make it, then you can t, the Debbie Downers who can t see beyond their pathetic existence to dream of something bigger. The one who will never achieve much because they fail to dream and dream to fail, these are the dream killers. Conversation #1 You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am thinking of starting my own business Them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why you want to do that? You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Because I have always wanted to work for myself? ThemRead MoreDreams And Dreams1729 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations and true meanings of dreams has expanded and has varied over centuries and cultures. Many of the earlier studies were based on culture’s and the interpretation of dreams, but also used as a form of prophecy, inspiration, and guidance. Many people still believe this such, people today beliefs and theories have opened up to a more vast interpretation, they are made up of; dreams are rare brain activity, dreams allow people to reflect on themselves, or that dreams are too massive to be correctlyRead MoreDreams : The Causes Of Dreams And Dreams987 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind† (Myers). They can occur anytime during sleep. Although most vibrant dreams occur during deep sleep, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when a person’s brain is more active. Most people tend to have at least 4 to 6 dreams per night while in REM sleep. While everyone dreams during sleep, but not everyone remembers. Scientist aren’t quite sure why some people remember more than others, but there are manyRead MoreDreams And Dreams1893 Words   |  8 PagesEvery single one of us dreams and each one is experienced at a personal level, but interpreting them and figuring what they actually mean is still a mystery to us all. The histories of dreams, dates all the way back to over 5,000 years ago. These were the times where they would still write things down on clay tablets. Even then, we were already interested in what dreams meant. During the Greek and Roman eras, dreams were perceived in a religious sense. If they were good dreams, they would be interpretedRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDreams and the Subconscious Are dreams a way of processing life events, or are they really messages from the subconscious? This phenomenon has always interested me, and I am extremely grateful this opportunity has arisen for me to research dreams in more depth. Since childhood, I have been intrigued with dreams and how similar they can be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreamsRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to understand what dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happe ned. A dream like this is considered oneRead MoreThe Dream Of A Lucid Dream1403 Words   |  6 PagesIt is said that a lucid dream is a dream that can be induced or controlled and is characterized by the dreamer being aware that he or she is dreaming (Lucid). When lucidity occurs, the dreamer â€Å"wakes up† inside the dream during fixed states of cognizance. Dreams are caused by things â€Å"†¦our mind knows, however which we cannot handle, is disturbing or something that we keep reiterating to ourselves† (Ganguly). This is why distinguishing significant dream symbols from ambient symbols is important forRead MoreThe Dream Of A Dream Story1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficulties of life after his accident. The dream that can be analyzed in this essay is the idea of being useful in life and towards society; Friedman describes Bret’s process in achieving this dream through the inclusion of characters’ thoughts and actions. This narrative technique rev eals the idea that dreams are not always singular, the people surrounding you can play a crucial role in your dream story, and factors that affect your dream can also change the dreams of surrounding people. Bret’s storyRead MoreDreams : What Are Dreams?1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are dreams? Are they the mind’s way of entertaining itself while you sleep, or are they your unconscious trying to tell you something? If you chose the ladder, you are on the right track. The mind can’t talk to you, you don t hear voices in your head unless you are a Schizophrenic. The only way that our unconscious mind has a way to communicate, is when you are asleep. The idea that dreams are trying to tell you something is simple, but understanding what the dream is trying to say can be difficult

Dreams Essay example - 3042 Words

Dreams When we sleep we do much more than just rest our weary bones; we tap into our subconscious mind (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). The subconscious has much to offer about oneself. The average human being spends one third of their life in sleep and during each sleep approximently two hours is spent dreaming (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). These dreams are important because they are the voice of our subconscious. Dreams and theories on dreams go as far back as 2000 BC in Egypt. One of the first organized glimpses into the diagnostics of a dream came in an Egyptian book called†¦show more content†¦The imagery in dreams comes from daily life (Freud 1900). You must understand that the subconscious can only talk in a language that the conscious can understand, therefore it uses imagery. So to put it in lay terms Youll never see an object in dream that you havent seen in your daily life (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979). This statement raises an interesting question. What do blind people who nev er see anything dream about? The answer to this question is even more puzzling. The subconscious speaks to blind people using all other sensory modalities such as hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Instead of seeing things blind people will hear or smell things in their dreams. Helen Keller talked of seeing in her dreams much as she saw when she was awake (let it be stated that Helen Keller was blind). The subconscious is usually the right side of the brain or the opposite side of persons writing hand. Within the subconscious lie different types of things such as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct (Ullman and Zimmerman 1979. The conscious part of the mind works whenShow MoreRelatedDreams And Dreams : Dreams1425 Words   |  6 PagesAvery Alexander English III Mr. Tarr 26 April 2015 Dreams Throughout our dreaming experience, we feel different sensations, emotions, and thoughts interpreted through images in a person’s mind. During our unconscious process, the meanings of our inner thoughts are experienced through dreams. Some psychologists believe dreams are connected to our real emotions and others may see dreams as a specific meaning related to one’s life (Young). Dreams can put us in touch with our real motives in life dueRead MoreDream And Dream - Dream Killers1012 Words   |  5 PagesDream killers You know the type, the ones who think that just because they did not make it, then you can t, the Debbie Downers who can t see beyond their pathetic existence to dream of something bigger. The one who will never achieve much because they fail to dream and dream to fail, these are the dream killers. Conversation #1 You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I am thinking of starting my own business Them   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Why you want to do that? You   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Because I have always wanted to work for myself? ThemRead MoreDreams And Dreams1729 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretations and true meanings of dreams has expanded and has varied over centuries and cultures. Many of the earlier studies were based on culture’s and the interpretation of dreams, but also used as a form of prophecy, inspiration, and guidance. Many people still believe this such, people today beliefs and theories have opened up to a more vast interpretation, they are made up of; dreams are rare brain activity, dreams allow people to reflect on themselves, or that dreams are too massive to be correctlyRead MoreDreams : The Causes Of Dreams And Dreams987 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind† (Myers). They can occur anytime during sleep. Although most vibrant dreams occur during deep sleep, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when a person’s brain is more active. Most people tend to have at least 4 to 6 dreams per night while in REM sleep. While everyone dreams during sleep, but not everyone remembers. Scientist aren’t quite sure why some people remember more than others, but there are manyRead MoreDreams And Dreams1893 Words   |  8 PagesEvery single one of us dreams and each one is experienced at a personal level, but interpreting them and figuring what they actually mean is still a mystery to us all. The histories of dreams, dates all the way back to over 5,000 years ago. These were the times where they would still write things down on clay tablets. Even then, we were already interested in what dreams meant. During the Greek and Roman eras, dreams were perceived in a religious sense. If they were good dreams, they would be interpretedRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesDreams and the Subconscious Are dreams a way of processing life events, or are they really messages from the subconscious? This phenomenon has always interested me, and I am extremely grateful this opportunity has arisen for me to research dreams in more depth. Since childhood, I have been intrigued with dreams and how similar they can be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreamsRead MoreDreams : A Lucid Dream1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to understand what dreams represent and how they effect a person should be something everyone should understand. Dreams can be a small glimpse or feel so real that it is unbelievable. The issue people have the most is remembering. They can not remember if they spoke with another individual in actually life or if it was all apart of their dream they had. There is so much confusion that the person is almost embarrassed to ask if the event actually happe ned. A dream like this is considered oneRead MoreThe Dream Of A Lucid Dream1403 Words   |  6 PagesIt is said that a lucid dream is a dream that can be induced or controlled and is characterized by the dreamer being aware that he or she is dreaming (Lucid). When lucidity occurs, the dreamer â€Å"wakes up† inside the dream during fixed states of cognizance. Dreams are caused by things â€Å"†¦our mind knows, however which we cannot handle, is disturbing or something that we keep reiterating to ourselves† (Ganguly). This is why distinguishing significant dream symbols from ambient symbols is important forRead MoreThe Dream Of A Dream Story1426 Words   |  6 Pagesdifficulties of life after his accident. The dream that can be analyzed in this essay is the idea of being useful in life and towards society; Friedman describes Bret’s process in achieving this dream through the inclusion of characters’ thoughts and actions. This narrative technique rev eals the idea that dreams are not always singular, the people surrounding you can play a crucial role in your dream story, and factors that affect your dream can also change the dreams of surrounding people. Bret’s storyRead MoreDreams : What Are Dreams?1174 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are dreams? Are they the mind’s way of entertaining itself while you sleep, or are they your unconscious trying to tell you something? If you chose the ladder, you are on the right track. The mind can’t talk to you, you don t hear voices in your head unless you are a Schizophrenic. The only way that our unconscious mind has a way to communicate, is when you are asleep. The idea that dreams are trying to tell you something is simple, but understanding what the dream is trying to say can be difficult

The Dos and Donts of What Are Some Good Topics for a Descriptive Essay

The Do's and Don'ts of What Are Some Good Topics for a Descriptive Essay Descriptive essay always includes creative writing, even when topic appears to be dull and boring at first. Categories, essay topics might be divided into. Descriptive essay topics might be either easier or more challenging. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Be conscious of the size it must be and get started writing the narrative essay outline. Otherwise, you won't have the ability to draw a true picture. Before writing a descriptive essay, you need to be able to understand how you will encrypt your essay to meet with the question requirements. In fact, there are many descriptive essay topics out there that it's rather tough to choose only one. The title for your essay is determined by the topic is provided. At high school you have to understand how to compose a descriptive essay. Writing descriptive essay students need to be more personal and use their imagination to the complete extent. A student should be this attentive when selecting a topic for a great descriptive essay. The exact first step in writing a descriptive essay is to select your topic. The introduction is key once you compose an essay since it provides the audience a glimpse into the matter, and supplies the writer with a chance to state the thesis of the total essay. The structure of such essay is contingent on the topic. Finding What Are Some Good Topics for a Descriptive Essay on the Web Brainstorming involves thinking about the subject and inventing rough ideas to back up your title. To begin with, you should choose the topic from the descriptive speech topics you will be interested in. You should pick a topic that you're interesting in. Work on the thesis statement when you choose the topic. Students should be in a position to describe their environment properly, which is precisely why researching topics for a descriptive essay will bring them on the correct track to rate their learning procedure. For you to develop a superb descriptive essay, you should learn how to encrypt a great thesis statement. A descriptive essay is a brief paper that is about describing or summarizing a topic. Of course, when you were given a very clear endeavor to write on a certain topic you won't need to wreck your brains searching for something exciting and crucial to dwell on. There's no need in making a determination, which health problem or phenomena is more urgent right now or what's left in the shadows and should be enlightened at least in your essay. Very often it becomes tough to choose 1 topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. You're also free to use an internet s ervice in the event you need somebody else to test it before you do it on your own. You will discover that several of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. Contemplating the simple fact, descriptive essay is a special sort of a term paper, the structure also differs from the one which you are accustomed to. A descriptive essay will require a creative mind for the reason that it tests one's capacity to express what they are able to see in writing. It is a type of essay which aims at helping you illustrate something to your reader in a way that they can see, feel, or hear what you are talking about. You should state the key points briefly without a lot of description for a support for the thesis. A description is a procedure of exposing or bringing to fore information regarding something. Based on the essence of your view, some descriptive elements may be helpful. Actually, you can describe a subject of any size and nature, but it's almost not possible to prepare a decent descriptive essay in case you do not really like it.

Wireless Network Security and Preventive - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theWireless Network Security and Preventive Methods. Answer: Introduction The report depicts the importance of implementing security in the wireless network system for protecting it from high ranged data breaches. It has been assumed that with the rapid advances in technology, the accessibility of wireless devices are also increasing frequently in both workplaces and houses. This report elaborates the threats and risk associated to wireless network system. The challenges associated to the wireless system are very much difficult to mitigate thus relevant technologies are required to be adapted for this kind of systems those are also illustrates in this report. Different applicable technologies are there those should be used in the working and home ambiances for mitigating the security threats (Rawat et al., 2015). Apart from this, the report also elaborates certain research questions and vague areas of wireless network systems and also demonstrates the proper application of the technology Challenges In both home and workplaces wireless networks are widely using by the system developers. Typical challenges are associated to all the wireless networks such as wireless local area network, access point, service set identifier etc. The main challenge associated to the system is the security (Chen et al., 2016). If the system lacks appropriate security measures then the entire process will be failure due to lack of accurate prevention measures (Rezvani et al., 2015). In order to establish secured communication between different digital devices, WLAN is a local area network uses high frequency radio waves in the systems. In the traditional wireless communication networks, wireless communication has emerged as a major breakthrough (Lake et al., 2014). The messiness of the network system has completely reduced after the usage of wireless network system. The challenges associated to this are as follows: Vulnerability in wireless security network: For the back to back sensor network architecture, the wireless sensor network forms single point breakdown. The main cause for the security laps is the unattended sensor nodes (Li, et al., 2014). In order to trace the wireless intruders, there is a boundary for the existing location tracing methods. In the revised specification of IEEE 802.11i, the threats and network challenges are not yet considered. The sensor networks for monitoring approach are in the vulnerability zone. The recent security models and customary security threats: The current wireless personal area network has an immature security schemes (He et al., 2015). The security models developed for wired networks are not at all effective for the wireless networks. For the heterogeneous network and for the smart home network the identified problems are respectively inadequate security and limitation issue. Attacks on the wireless sensor networks: In order to develop guarantee for security in all the layers of the networks there is no common security model (Rashid Rehmani, 2016). Against the prevalent security threats, protection mechanisms are very much weak. The security adapted for the security and network layers are very weak. Even the security measures for the overall wireless sensor network are very weak. Attacks on Ad-hoc wireless network: In most of the cases it has been identified that the cryptographic solution for intruder detection are very weak (Butun, Morgera Sankar, 2014). For the worm attacks there is no such response method has been developed by the network security developers. Different types of wireless network security technologies are there those are used widely both in the workplaces and personnel uses. However, for error application in the corporate field, different security concerns have been adopted (Rashid Rehmani, 2016). In order to improve the security features, the vendors of wireless security providers play active roles accordingly still before practical implementation all the threats are needed to be considered properly. In the adaptation process of wireless local area network, security is the major threat. Not only small but also large enterprises are facing major security threats due to lack of proper technologies (Rezvani et al., 2015). Security is the responsibility for both the buyers and for the service providers. In order to develop the security approaches, the elements of wireless security those should be implemented are as follows: The unauthorized users are required to be discouraged through the implementation of proper authentication approaches. The rouge access points must be eliminated from the system for preventing it from unauthorized access. Even during the data transition phase the information must keep secured from the external attackers. The available wireless security solution include wi fi protected access (WPA), the Wi Fi Protected Access 2(WPA2), Virtual private networking (VPN3) (Butun, Morgera Sankar, 2014). Proper implementation of application and network firewall and virtual private network will help the enterprises from unauthorized access. It has been found that, with the VPN network the confidential information of one enterprise cannot be leaked and the confidentiality could be maintained well. One of an evolving security framework, for the WLAN and the interoperability issue has been identified (Razzaque, Salehi Cheraghi, 2013). Access in wi fi increases the rate of security threat mostly. Through the wi fi connection, the attackers might attack to the security networks and access server for stealing information for misusing. Problems In the mobile Ad Hoc network, for finding out the intruders the cryptographic based schemes can also be failed accordingly. The Ad hoc network routing protocols are absolutely prone towards the security attacks (Jing et al., 2014). The majority of the routing protocols are concern only with the router lengths. During the deployment phase, the WSN gateway single point failure might occur. However, after the sensor nodes deployment, they might remain unattended (Butun, Morgera Sankar,l 2014). While considering the protocol issue, it has been found that, the protocol link might get failed in both the network and data link layer of the network models. Relevant Technologies Proper Intrusion Detection System (IDS) can be used for mitigating the issues associated to wireless network system. During the root construction phase, different kinds of attack prevention, methods can be used by the system developers (Shamshirband et al., 2014). From system analysis, it has been found that, it is necessary for the security metrics to being the integral part of the security metrics. The WSN issues can be mitigated by increasing the fault endurance of the network (Wu, Ota Dong Li, 2016). All the nodes of the network are required to be checked periodically. In order to handle the security issues of protocol proper security architectures are required to be implemented by the system developers. Applications of the Technologies Development of cryptographic technology: In order to mitigate the network associated security threats the different cryptographic protocols are required to be developed in both the network and application layers in the network models (Rohbanian et al., 2013). It will help the system from external attackers such as DOS attack and DDOS attacks. With the help of the RADIUS authentication only the authorized users will be able access the network officially (Jing et al., 2014). The session keys will increase the security range of the system and in the Bluetooth devices, the proper PIN are required to be entered for creating the pair only with the known devices. Enhance Compressed Real-time Transport Protocol (ECRTP) is another technological application that can be used in the wireless point to point links (Butun, Morgera Sankar, 2014). The error rates in the bits can also be mitigated with the help of this protocol. The issues of heterogeneous wireless networks can also be mitigated with the help of the integration model network (Rezvani et al., 2015). On the other hand, there is another protocol named as OLSR which is used to keep the neighbor information secured from the external attackers. Clarify Vague Areas The system is very much efficient and basically for increase the overall business effectiveness most of the business organizations and even for personnel uses people do use this applications widely (Razzaque, Salehi Cheraghi, 2013). Though, one of the vague parts of the network system is the improper authentication. Research Questions What are the special training and development programs that should be developed for the wireless network security? Whether the security measures are effective for both workplaces and homes? What are protocols that must be used for the network security? What are the major challenges for wireless network security? Whether after detecting issue the appropriate mitigation technologies are available or not? What are the different inherited issues of security issues? Whether the energy issues prohibit the security schemes? What are the tools that could be used for data protection? Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that in order to keep the sensitive information secured from the external attackers security is one of the major concerns that is required to be considered. The report mentioned all the security threats and challenges associated to wireless sensor network. Different research questions associated to wireless network security are also illustrated in this report. Apart from this, in order to mitigate the challenges different technologies are adapted and applied on the security threats. The proper applications of those technologies are also illustrated in this report. Apart from the challenges mitigation strategies, also the report demonstrated different relevant technologies those can be developed for combat the security related issues. References Butun, I., Morgera, S. D., Sankar, R. (2014). A survey of intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networks.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 266-282. Chen, M., Qian, Y., Mao, S., Tang, W., Yang, X. (2016). Software-defined mobile networks security.Mobile Networks and Applications,21(5), 729-743. He, D., Chan, S., Guizani, M. (2015). Mobile application security: malware threats and defenses.IEEE Wireless Communications,22(1), 138-144. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A. V., Wan, J., Lu, J., Qiu, D. (2014). Security of the Internet of Things: perspectives and challenges.Wireless Networks,20(8), 2481-2501. Lake, D., Milito, R., Morrow, M., Vargheese, R. (2014). Internet of things: Architectural framework for ehealth security.Journal of ICT Standardization, River Publishing,1. Li, W., Yi, P., Wu, Y., Pan, L., Li, J. (2014). A new intrusion detection system based on KNN classification algorithm in wireless sensor network.Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering,2014. Rashid, B., Rehmani, M. H. (2016). Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: a survey.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,60, 192-219. Rawat, D. B., Yan, G., Bista, B. B., Weigle, M. C. (2015). Trust On the Security of Wireless Vehicular Ad-hoc Networking.Ad Hoc Sensor Wireless Networks,24(3-4), 283-305. Razzaque, M. A., Salehi, A., Cheraghi, S. M. (2013). Security and privacy in vehicular ad-hoc networks: survey and the road ahead. InWireless Networks and Security(pp. 107-132). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rezvani, M., Ignjatovic, A., Bertino, E., Jha, S. (2015). Secure data aggregation technique for wireless sensor networks in the presence of collusion attacks.IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing,12(1), 98-110. Rohbanian, M. R., Kharazmi, M. R., Keshavarz-Haddad, A., Keshtgary, M. (2013). Watchdog-LEACH: a new method based on LEACH protocol to secure clustered wireless sensor networks.arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.3637. Shamshirband, S., Patel, A., Anuar, N. B., Kiah, M. L. M., Abraham, A. (2014). Cooperative game theoretic approach using fuzzy Q-learning for detecting and preventing intrusions in wireless sensor networks.Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,32, 228-241. Wu, J., Ota, K., Dong, M., Li, C. (2016). A hierarchical security framework for defending against sophisticated attacks on wireless sensor networks in smart cities.IEEE Access,4, 416-424.

Sanskrit Schlarship Application Form free essay sample

Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) 56-57, Institutional Area, Janak Puri, New Delhi-110058 Notification of Scholarship Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) set up by the Government of India for propagation and promotion of Sanskrit language invites applications in the prescribed form for award of merit Scholarship to: i. Regular students studying Sanskrit in any recognized traditional Pathshalas/modern institutions / Secondary / Senior Secondary Schools from 9th to 12th standard. ii. Regular students pursuing higher course of studies in Sanskrit in recognized educational Institutions at the levels of Shastri / Graduation / Acharya / Post Graduation / Vidyavaridhi / Ph. D. Details for grant of scholarship are as under:S. No. Courses of Study for which Scholarship is given 1. 9th and 10th classes / Purva Madhyama or equivalent courses with Sanskrit as a paper of least 100 marks 11th 12th classes / Prak Shastri / UttarMadhyama and equivalent courses with Sanskrit as a paper of at least 100 marks Shastri / Graduation / B. A. /B. A. (Hons. ) and equivalent course of three years duration with Sanskrit as a subject of at least 100 marks. Eligibility Criteria Must have passed the previous examination of the respective class with a minimum of 60% marks or equivalent in the aggregate and also in the concerned subject i. e. in Sanskrit Must have passed Plus 2 level examination with a minimum 60% marks or equivalent in the aggregate and also in Sanskrit Must have passed Graduation with at least 60% marks in the aggregate in Sanskrit Must have passed Acharya or M. A. in Sanskrit with at least 60% marks in the aggregate Scholarship Amount Rs. P. M. 250 2. 300 3. 400 4. Acharya Degree in Sanskrit and its equivalent Post-Graduation Degree 500 5. Vidyavaridhi / Ph. D. and equivalent in Sanskrit 1500/-** ** The student of Vidyavaridhi / Ph. D and equivalent courses shall also be entitled for a contingency grant of Rs. 2000/- per annum for two years. Number of Scholarship: Number of Scholarships to be awarded each year depends on the availability of funds. Relaxation: Minimum percentage of marks for the candidates belonging to the categories mentioned below under eligibility criteria shall be as under: – SC / ST OBC Women Physically Handicapped Terms Conditions: 1. Students must have opted for the subject i. e. Sanskrit in the current class of Study for which he or she has applied for the Scholarship. However, the grant of Scholarship will depend on the marks secured in the previous class of study in the concerned subject and also in the aggregate as stipulated in this advertisement. 0 % 55% 55% 50% 2. The Scholarship up to Post-Graduate and equivalent courses will be tenable for one Academic year i. e. (10 months) starting from the 1st July and ending with 30th April. As Scholarship is awarded only for one academic year on the basis of marks obtained in the previous examination, students have to apply every year afresh. It will not be renewed automatically. 3. The Scholarship for the Ph. D will be tenable for two full Years i . e. 24 months subject to satisfactory progress report. 4. Candidates applying for scholarship for 9th and 10th standard must submit the application duly counter signed by the concerned District Education Officer. 5. The Students of faculties of Arts or Humanities having Sanskrit as a major subject will be eligible for scholarship in case of Graduation and Post Graduation level. 6. The Scholarship amount will be payable from the 1st July of every academic year and will be released in the name of the concerned students by account payee cheque through the Head of the concerned institutions. In case any student wishes to receive the Scholarship directly in his/her State Bank Account, he/she must furnish State Bank Account number in the application form legibly. 7. In the case of Ph. D and equivalent students, the institution concerned shall send Utilization Certificate and progress repot on the work done by the scholar through the guide and Head of the Department, to enable the Sansthan to release Scholarship for the second year. 8. A candidate who receives any Scholarship or gets monetary benefits from any other institution will not be considered for Scholarship of the Sansthan under this Scheme. A candidate who accepts any remunerative job during the tenure of the Scholarship or undertakes to any other course of study which does not have component of Sanskrit will be disqualified from receiving this Scholarship. 9. The Sansthan reserves the right to make such changes in these terms and conditions as it may consider necessary. The Sansthan also reserves the right to reject any application after due scrutiny. The decision of the Sansthan in this regard will be final and binding. 10. Every student will be required to submit application form through the Competent Authority in the prescribed pro-forma indicating interalia :- i. ) That he/she is pursuing a course of study for which he/she has applied for the Scholarship with Sanskrit as a regular student. ii. ) iii. ) iv. ) That he/she is not in receipt of any other Scholarship from any other source. That he/she is not employed anywhere. That during the currency of the Scholarship if he/she is awarded Scholarship from any other source and/or is employed he/she will immediately inform the Sansthan through proper channel. Application procedure: The application on the prescribed form alongwith attested copies of the mark-sheet of the latest qualifying examination and caste / category certificate in case of SC/ST/OBC/Physically Handicapped issued by the competent authority must be sent to the Registrar, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) 56-57, Institutional Area,Janak Puri, New Delhi- 110 058 within one month from the date of publication of this advertisement. The application form can also be download from Sansthan’s website www. sanskrit. nic. in Registrar RASHTRIYA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN Deemed University) 56-57, Institutional Area, Janak Puri, New Delhi-110058 Affix attested Passport size photograph Application for Scholarship 1. Name of the Student (In Capital letters) : 2. Gender Tick in the relevant box Male Female 3. 4. 5. 6. Father’s / Husband’s Name Date of Birth and age on 01. 10. 2010 Class, in which the student is studying Stream Tick in the relevant box Subjec t’s taken : : Class Year I,II,III Modern Traditional : 7. 8. Whether Sanskrit has been offered as a : Major Subject Tick in the relevant box Full Name Address of the Institution / : University in which the student is studying or doing research work Yes No 9. 10. Name of the Institution and full address of : Head of Department / Principal / Director or the authority to whom the cheque may be sent including PIN code and also mobile no. / email 11. Whether you belong to (i) S. C (ii) S. T : (iii) O. B. C. (iv) Handicapped (v) Female (if yes, Please attach copy of certificate issued by Competent Authority in case of (i) to (iv). 12. Complete Residential / Postal address to : which the intimation / correspondence can be sent (Please give phone no. and email id if available) 13. Particulars of examinations passed including latest qualifying examination: Please use additional sheet if required in the same format Name of the Examination Year of examination passed passing body Class/Div. and overall %age of marks Marks in Sanskrit as a Major Subject Total Obtained Percentage 14. 1. For Research Students only Whether student has been registered for Ph. D/ Vidyavaridhi course? If so, please furnish i. Registration No. and date of : registration ii. Please furnish copy of admission and letter of joining Ph. D / Vidyavaridhi Name of the Research Guide with Full Residential Address/Phone : No. /Email Id. / Mobile No. 2. * Note :- (1)Applications for 9th and 10th standard must be counter signed by the concerned District Education Officer. (2) No column of the application form should be left blank, which may be liable for rejection of the application form. 15. Declaration I hereby declare that all the information given by me in this application form and documents submitted by me in support of this application are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. My mark sheet is duly attested by Competent Authority. I also declare that in case I am selected for the Scholarship applied for, I shall devote my full time to approved course of study/research and that I shall not undertake any other paid work or receive any other Scholarship or any other grant from any source during the tenure of this Scholarship. Date :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Place :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. SIGNATURE ( ) Name of the candidate Recommendation of the forwarding authority. (Head of Deptt. /Competent authority of the University in the case of Reasearch student and Head of the Department/ Head of Institution / Prinicpal of the Institution in case of the student of other course of studies) Certified that________________________________is a regular student /research Scholar in Name of applicant ____________________________________________________________ _________________ Name of the university / institution and address in full As per the records, the date of admission and enrolment number of the student to the above Course is as under:Enrolment No Academic Session Date of admission Class to which admitted Date :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature of Head of Deptt. /Head of Institution/Principal with official seal Place:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Countersignatures of District Education Officer (in case of students of 9th 10th standard) Request to the forwarding authority: Forwarding authorities are requested to accord top priority in forwarding the application so that the eligible students do not miss the opportunity of being considered for Scholarship due to non receipt of application on time. IMPORTANT INSTUCTIONS FOR APPLICANTS i. ) ii. ) iii. ) iv. ) v. ) vi. ) vii. ) viii. ) ix. ) Application form must be forwarded through Principal/Head of the institution / Head of Department and counter signed by the DEO as the case may be. Marksheet / document must be attested by the Principal / Gazetted Officer / Any Competent Authority. Application form must be signed by the Principal/Head of the Deptt. /Head of Institution with seal/Rubber stamp. (They should verify signature of student and entries of the form). In case of Ph. D / Vidyavaridhi students, the registration No. and date be mentioned along with documentary proof. Application must be filled in prescribed form only. Each column should be properly filled up. Students of IInd and IIIrd year of any class can also be applicant for Scholarship The application form must be filled in Hindi or English language only. If the student has taken Sanskrit as a subject, it is necessary to write Sanskrit specifically in the subject column, otherwise the application form will not be entertained. Student must submit advance receipt in the following format immediately to enable the Sansthan to release payment in case he/she is selected for Scholarship. ADVANCE RECEIPT I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦received a sum of Rs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (Rupees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) Name of candidate from the Vice Chancellor, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University), New Delhi being the Scholarship awarded to me for the year 2010-2011 for the class†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Signature of Candidate)

Robin Hood Essays

Robin Hood Essays Robin Hood Essay Robin Hood Essay Showing the change Robin Hood has made since he was a little boy easily allows the reader to better understand how great he really is, and how he Is helping not only himself, but all of the poorer community-Robin Hood was faced with Issues from very early on In his life. HIS mothers death was very difficult for him, but living with his fathers love for another women, after his mother ad died, was just too much for him and he threatened his father that staying with that women would cost him his only sons love. Robin then left for many years, only to come back and discover that his father had been murdered and that the new leader of Nottingham was the Sheriff. Not only was this a great shock to Robin, but all the people of the land were suffering greatly from the Sheriffs corrupt rule. He was very money hungry and greedy, and the lower class community suffered greatly from his readiness. Robin Hood had many different traits that are quite obvious in the story and the movie. For one he is very set on taking from the wealth of Nottingham and giving back to the poorer community so they can live well. His main idea here is to get as much taken from the Sheriff of Nottingham and his sympathizers so they can easily attack and take the kingdom back. In the end his plan works and Robin kills the Sheriff and the Kingdom Is once again his, as well as Maid Maroon. HIS goals are Robin clearly has an expansion Issue tit his men and he needs to start thinking about moving from an Immediate local cause to either a regional or national one. The resources have begun to dry-up locally and his original tactical band of Mermen has turned Into more of a dysfunctional group of followers. If Robin could break his current large group of Mermen Into divisions and branch out to other territories or markets so that he doesnt saturate one particular area too much then he would be able to Increase his Income. Pursuing other rich merchants In new markets would not only keep to Robins Initial cause, but also expand his network of farmers and townspeople to provide for. His constrained resources In the Sherwood Forest would once again flourish with the considerable mass now gone and utilizing other resources In their perspective territories. With the division of the Mermen from one army into smaller Squadrons Robin would be charged with appointing leadership among the new subgroups. The original hierarchy could remain intact with each of the original Lieutenants continuing tenet specials tasks Ana can squadron navels an populate deader who would report directly to their General (Robin). The division of power would allow discipline to be maintained while not overburdening each lieutenant with more responsibility. With increasing territory covered throughout the kingdom, the Sheriff would once again feel pressure from Robin and his new strategic squadrons of Mermen as they turn their local cause into a regional one. There are several metrics that can be used to define the success of the new structure developed within the Mermen. The first and easiest calculation would be the increase/decrease in finances. The abundance of game available for the men would be a metric of provision accessibility. Approval ratings from the townspeople and Mermen can act as a contentment gauge of the people for, and of, the cause. The number of engagements between the Sheriff and the Mermen can disclose the efficiency of the new squadron hierarchy. Each metric would determine the success of the new strategy that was put in place to combat against the original underlying issues of expansion, disorientation, constraining resources, and the Sheriffs offensive effort.

Profile of Serial Killer Joseph Paul Franklin

Profile of Serial Killer Joseph Paul Franklin Joseph Paul Franklin is a serial extremist killer whose crimes were motivated by a pathological hatred of African Americans and Jews. Fueled by the words of his hero, Adolf Hitler, Franklin went on a killing rampage between 1977 and 1980, targeting interracial couples and setting off bombs in synagogues. Childhood Years Franklin (named James Clayton Vaughan Jr. at birth) was born in Mobile, Alabama on April 13, 1950, and was the second of four children in a volatile impoverished home. As a child Franklin, who felt different from other children, turned to reading books, mostly fairy tales, as an escape from the domestic violence in the home. His sister has described the home as abusive, saying Franklin was the target of much of the abuse. Teen Years During his teen years, he was introduced to the American Nazi Party through pamphlets and he adopted the belief that the world needed to be cleansed of what he considered inferior races - mainly African Americans and Jews. He was in full agreement with the Nazi teachings and he became a member of the American Nazi Party, the Ku Klux Klan, and the National States Rights Party. Name Change In 1976, he wanted to join the Rhodesian Army, but because of his criminal background he needed to change his name to be accepted. He changed his name to Joseph Paul Franklin - Joseph Paul after Adolph Hitlers minister of propaganda, Joseph Paul Goebbels, and Franklin after Benjamin Franklin. Franklin never did join the army, but instead launched his own war of the races. Obsessed With Hate Obsessed with hatred for interracial marriages, many of his killings were against black and white couples he encountered. He has also admitted to blowing up synagogues and takes responsibility for the 1978 shooting of Hustler Magazine publisher, Larry Flynt and the 1980 shooting on civil rights activist and Urban League president Vernon Jordan, Jr. Over the years Franklin has been linked to or confessed to numerous bank robberies, bombings, and murders. However, not all of his confessions are viewed as truthful and many of the crimes were never brought to trial. Convictions Alphonse Manning and Toni SchwennMadison, WisconsinIn 1985 Franklin was found guilty of killing interracial couple Alphonse Manning and Toni Schwenn,  both 23 years old.  The couple was pulling out of a shopping mall when Franklin rammed their car from behind, then got out and shot Manning twice and Schwenn four times, killing both. He was sentenced to two life terms.Bryant Tatum and Nancy HiltonChattanooga, TennesseeIn 1977 he pleaded guilty to the July 29, 1978 sniper murder of Bryant Tatum (black) and for attempting to murder his white girlfriend Nancy Hilton.  The couple was  at a Pizza Hut restaurant in Chattanooga when Franklin, hiding in tall grass near the restaurant, gunned them down. Franklin was found guilty and given a life sentence.Donte Brown and Darrel LaneCincinnati, OhioCousins Dante Brown, 13, and Darrel Lane, 14, were headed to a local convenience store on June 6, 1980, when Franklin, standing on an overpass, shot two bullets into each child. Lane died at t he scene and Brown died a few hours later at the hospital. Franklin was found guilty and sentenced to two life terms. Ted Fields and David MartinSalt Lake City, UtahTed Fields, 20, and David Martin, 18, were friends who shared the reputation for being hardworking, responsible and with bright futures. On August, 20, they went jogging with two women at Liberty Park.  Franklin hit the group with a barrage of bullets, striking Fields three times and Martin five, killing both. One of the women was injured. He was found guilty and received two life sentences.Gerald GordonPotosi, MissouriOn October 8, 1977, Gerald Gordon, Steven Goldman and William Ash  had no idea a Remington 700 hunting rifle was aimed at them while they walked through the synagogue parking lot.  Franklin, who had carefully planned his assault the day before, fired five shots at the men, killing Gordon and injuring Goldman and Ash. In February 1997, a jury found him guilty and sentenced to death by lethal injection. Any Regrets? Eight life sentences and a death sentence has done little to change Franklins radical racist views. He has told authorities that his only regret is that killing Jews isnt legal. During a 1995 article published by Deseret News, Franklin seemed to boast about his killing sprees and the only regret that he seems to have is that there were victims that managed to survive his murderous rage. On November 20, 2013, Franklin was executed by lethal injection in Missouri. He offered no final statement.

Discussion on Loblaw and Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Discussion on Loblaw and Wal-Mart - Essay Example To fit in market competition the Wal-Mart decided to reduce the cost of their product. This turned to great threat to the Loblaw Company (Financial post 2006). In 2006, the Loblaw Company lost completely its market to Wal-Mart stores. During this year the Loblaw reported a loss of 219 Canadian dollars due to increased competition (Ian 2007, P. 1). To counter the competition raised by Wal- Mart the company introduced new products in the market. After that Loblaw utilized the strategy of constructing large superstores in its effort to pre-empt Wal-Mart in the market. For instance, Loblaw Company limited has more than one thousand and fifty stores located in various locations in Canada such as Fortino, Loblaw and Zehrs (Marina 2010). In 2002, it constructed a large superstore with the label Real Canadian Superstore (RCSS) acting as the company’s competitive strategy. In addition to that, in 2004 the company constructed 13 stores and similarly in 2005 it was supposed to construct seven more stores. On the contrary, since 2002, Wal-Mart Company limited has not constructed any megastores apart from its â€Å"5 Sum Stores† situated in Ontario (David, David, Mark S., and Scort., 2006, p. 226). However, through utilization of adequate competitive strategies, Wal-Mart can effectively compete with Loblaw and deter entry and exits into their market arenas. The importance of entry and exit barriers and strategies that firms can use to deter entry Entry and exit barriers are significant for firms that are competing. In that case, firms such as Loblaw and Wal-Mart should develop strategies that will help them in entry deterring. Entry barriers are extremely essential because they are crucial in many cases of competition. It is thus important for company’s president’s to consider barriers to entry while assessing dominance and in their determination whether unilateral conduct might discourage new entrants from taking part in the market. Most importa ntly, barriers to entry might dampen, retard or nullify the usual market mechanism utilized in checking market power in terms of arrival and attraction of new rivalry. Additionally, substantial barriers to entry are essential in proving that the existence of a high level of market share translates into a superior market in abuse or monopolization of dominance cases (Turut and Ofek, 2000, p. 576). Over decades, various arguments have existed among economists on how to define entry barriers. Generally, the term refers to an obstruction that makes it extremely difficult for firms to get into a market. A hot debate has persisted on which hindrances should qualify to be termed as barriers to entry.

Organizational information technology budgeting criteria and solutions Essay

Organizational information technology budgeting criteria and solutions - Essay Example The domain of information technology has come to take up from the most basic of functions to the most advanced of functions executed in the organizational structure. In addition, information technology has impinged the functions of most basic level employees to the most senior levels of management in any organization. The modern economy has a lot to credit information technology with. However, the management of this vital tool for the organizational structure is a complicated process depending on the particular constraints in place. Information technology requirements tend to differ from one organization to the next even if the basic business functions are more or less the same. This tends to happen as information technology requirements are differentiated on the basis of an organization’s internal factors as well as external constraints. The choice of particular systems to use and the choice to embed the systems to certain levels of depth in an organization all require meticulous attention to detail. It must be taken to note that information technology is not limited merely to computer equipment or more aptly hardware. Instead, information technology, when applied to an organization’s business support functions, refers to hardware, software as well as the manning required to run the show. The budgeting aspects of information technology often fall to deaf ears since the budgeting authorities may not be as acquainted with information technology as desired. In most organizations, information technology budgeting comes through the accounting office where there is little appreciation for information technology constraints.... Budgeting Criteria The three basic tenets that are used to construe the information technology budgets for most organizations can be classified broadly as hardware, software and human resources. Almost all organizations that have some kind of an information technology setup tend to have some proportion of these three components working together to create a complete information technology support system. The proportion of each of these components tends to differ from organization to organization especially when budgeting concerns are explored. The components are discussed in greater detail below under the appropriate heads. Hardware Hardware is essential to the functions of any information technology setup. Some quarters might argue that hardware in the hardcore sense is fast disappearing from organizational information technology culture but in effect its proportion is changing. This change is occurring as more and more organizations are pursuing cloud computing solutions that are fa r more flexible and cheap when compared to conventional information technology setups for organizations. In conventional information technology setups, the organization tends to procure most pieces of information technology equipment that it uses except for larger network equipment that connects it to the World Wide Web. The procurement typically tends to include basic computing equipment such as keyboards, mice, towers, monitors as well as more advanced equipment such as barcode scanners, weighing devices, various kinds of flow meters etc. Again, the nature of the advanced equipment is determined by the nature of the business operations. However, the nature of the basic equipment

Mystery of Free

Mystery of Free Will and Moral Responsibility Essay We all seem to think that we make decisions on our own and have the ability to choose from making different decisions. We do what we want to do because it seems as if we have many options to choose from to be in control of our own destiny. The basic question of the mystery of free will is that, â€Å"Are we able to really make our own decisions or are the decisions we make already predetermined (with it being inevitable of us making that certain decision)? † Our futures seem to be undetermined and have an infinite amount of possibilities of which we are able to choose freely among. Think of your life as a garden of forking paths with each path being a certain decision you make that affects your future. However, many philosophers believe that the thesis of determinism threatens this model of free will. If you may know, determinism is the theory that the universe at any point in time is entirely fixed by the state of the universe at a prior time, in combination with the laws of nature. So the reason why this threatens the ‘garden of forking paths’ model of free will is that how can we have so many options to choose when determinism has already chosen one for us? This leads us to another central issue, which is: â€Å"Can free will and determinism co-exist? † The two ways philosophers go about considering this question is either with a ‘yes, they can co-exist’ or ‘no, they cannot. ’ If you were to believe that, yes, free will and determinism can co-exist, then you would be considered a compatibilist. Answering no, free will and determinism cannot co-exist, you would be considered an incompatibalist. Peter Van Inwagen, a prominent figure in the philosophy world, created the consequence argument. In his argument, Van Inwagen explains that if determinism is true, then our acts are just a consequence of the laws of nature and events in the remote past. And since it’s not up to us what went on before we were born nor what the laws of nature are, the consequences of these things (including our present acts) are not up to us (PowerPoint 1, Slide 23). In short, he explains that if determinism were to be true then no one would ever or has ever made a choice on their own about anything. So if no one has power over the facts of the past and the laws of nature and that no one has the power of the fact that the facts of the past and laws of nature entail that only future is possible, therefore, no one has power over the facts of the future. To further demonstrate his reasoning of the consequence argument, Van Inwagen created the No Choice Principle (NCP). In this example, let ‘p’ = â€Å"Plato died long before I was born. † Let ‘q’ = â€Å"I never met Plato. † Now, if I have no choice about ‘p’ and no choice about the fact that (if ‘p’ is true, then ‘q’ is necessarily true. Therefore, I have no choice about ‘q’ (PowerPoint 1, Slide 26). How can one have a choice about something that is inevitably going to happen if one has no choice about it happening? Van Inwagen’s consequence argument is based on the NCP. Now, if determinism and free will can co-exist (Compatibilism is true) then the No Choice Principle must be false (Remember, you would have no free will and no choice of ‘q’ happening because it was never in your control to choose so). But, the NCP is not false, therefore the Compatibilism theory is not true and with this being said the free will thesis and theory of determinism cannot co-exist. I believe that free will is incompatible with determinism, but free will exists because the thesis of determinism is false. I choose this opinion because, going to back to the ‘garden of forking paths’ model, if I come across a path with three forks in it I have the ability to not take one or two of those paths and have the ability to freely choose which path I would prefer to take. I know that I have the ability to choose because I can take either 3 paths, but I only choose to take the one which I desire most. Determinists may say that I took that path because it was inevitable. Whichever of the 3 paths I took, it would be inevitable that I took it. The reason why I believe in free will and not the coexistence of both free will and determinism, and determinism itself is because there is no way to prove something of happening inevitably in every occasion. Determinists could say that just about anything was inevitable of happening, what’s their proof?

Christianity & Paganism in Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf was written in the time when the society was in the process of converting from Paganism to Christianity. In this epic poem, these two religions come through the actions of its characters. The acceptance of feuds and the courage of war are just a few examples of the Pagan tradition, while the Christian mortalities refrain from the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf is torn between his Christian heart to help the people as well as the selfish reward of Paganism. Though he wants the Christian’s respect he thrives for the satisfaction of fighting. Beowulf is known as a hero and in that aspect he believes he should be the one to defeat Grendel. Beowulf despises weapons but relies on his strength. This is just one of many battles that suggest Beowulf was a Pagonist. He also would drink and tended to kill people and creatures, which also leads to the speculations of Paganism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though many Pagan influences appear in the poem, Christian influences override them. An example would be when Beowulf saved the Danes from Grendel. He also expressed a fair attitude towards battles when he refused to use a weapon. The idea of loyalty, a hero, and a giver are all signs of Christianity. Beowulf could be seen as Christ when trying to help the people as Grendel could be compared to Satan who tries to destroy happiness and well-doing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last battle in Beowulf was against the fierce dragon that could also be saw as the power of Satan. During this battle Beowulf chooses to use a weapon because of the dragon’s deadly venom, it would only be fair. It was a hard fight but Beowulf wasn’t capable of defeating the dragon. This battle could be compared to the will of Christ, in which Christ gave his life for the people, while Beowulf did the same. The dragon now represents the evil a man must fight in order to preserve the good in life. Although Beowulf was defeated, it was not shamelessly, just like Christ he saved the people. Beowulf had a good heart but was sometimes overturned by the bad influences in life. He represents the fact that everyone makes mistakes, you can’t be perfect all the time, everyone’s bound to lose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grendel was a very hateful and disturbed creature.

What Are the Effects of Poor Communication in a Project

Faculty of Business Department of Management and Project Management Baccalaureus Technologiae Project Management Project Research IV Lecturer: L. Jowah RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. 1 Research Question 1 Topic 1 KEY WORDS 1 CONCEPT DEFINITIONS 1 2 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 2 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY 3 1. 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION 4 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 5 1. 4. 1 Primary objective 5 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study 5 1. 4. Empirical objectives 5 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 6 1. 5. 1 Literature review 6 1. 5. 2 Target population 6 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection 7 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis 7 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 7 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review 7 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology 7 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Res ults and Findings 7 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations 8 1. 7 SYNOPSIS 8 REFERENCES 9 Questionnaire 11 Part A – Project Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Part B – Organisational Support†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Hypothesis – The matrix management structure hinders the project manager when executing a project. Research Question – How does the matrix structure affect the project manager's effectiveness? Topic – Organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a projec t manager. KEY WORDS organisational structures management project management CONCEPT DEFINITIONS Project: According to the PMBOK – A temporary endeavor ndertaken to create a unique product or service. Temporary means that every project has a definite beginning and a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar products or services A project management guide, and an internationally recognized standard, that provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. PMBOK – Project Management Body of Knowledge: Management Organisational structures: 1. Effective use and coordination of resources such as capital, plant materials and labour to achieve defined objectives with maximum efficiency. . People responsible for directing and running and organisation. 1. Arrangement of the work of the organisation into units and management positions between which there are defined relat ionships involving the exercise of authority and the communication of instructions and information. 2. Determination and specification of appropriate operational and functional roles and the resulting relationships. The aim of organisational structuring is to provide for an effective organisation structure which enables the best use to be made of the minds, judgements and energies of the members of the organisation. CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM ORIENTATION 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Project management is the discipline of planning, organising, and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives (Cleland & Gareis, 2006:1-4). According to Burke (2007:28-30), modern day project management started in the early 1900’s with Henry Gantt’s development of the barchart, and project management techniques which were specifically developed for the military and aerospace projects of the 1950’s and 1960’s in America and Britain. Today, companies are encouraged to change their management systems to adapt to the project management environment. A project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service (PMBOK, 2004:4). According to Sandhu & Gunasekaran (2004:673-690), a project is a set of inter-related tasks that are undertaken by an organisation to meet defined objectives, that has an agreed start and finish time, is constrained by cost, and that has specified performance requirements and resources. Projects are usually led by a project manager who is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, and closing of any project. However the project manager has to interface with the line management, according to Kerzner (2006:7). Projects are performed by people and managed through people, so it is essential to develop an organisation structure which reflects the needs of the project (Burke, 2007:304). Organisations use project management to bring key people together to achieve specific goals (Palmer, 2002:101-105). According to Gido & Clements (2003:336-339), Conflict can arise from poor or organisational issues can cause conflict in a project. mbiguous project communication, lack of information sharing, or failure to make timely decisions. Problems caused by conflict include: confusion; waste of time, money and opportunity; diminished productivity; de-motivation of individuals and teams; internal conflicts and power struggles and ultimately project failure (Box & Platts, 2005:370-387). 2 Due to the numerous working interfaces, complicated networks, and diversified team members of a large project, coordination efficiency among members of the team is vital to the project’s success (Cheng, Su & You, 2003:70-79). One of the simplest, yet most effective things upper management can do is to set out the company’s policy for project management; thus establishing the vision for how the company wants to best utilise project management concepts and gives a clear downwards communication (Eve, 2007:85-90). Successful executives and managers must maintain an appropriate balance between strategic and operational concerns, as they conduct the affairs of their organisation in a project management environment (Czuchry & Yasin, 2003:39-46). The first and most basic lesson learnt regarding project management implementation, is that top management must demonstrate its unequivocal and visible support for a transition to the project management way of goal achievement (Brown & Botha, 2005:1-7). When senior management place the responsibility for project success with the project manager, without providing adequate authority and at times, implemented changes that further undermine the project manager’s authority; it leads to project failure (Kennedy & Marx, 2009:368-373). The starting point for ensuring that matrix structures work effectively is to ensure that there is a genuine need for them (Rees & Porter, 2004:189-193). Matrix structures should not be introduced simply on the basis that they are fashionable. It is also important to note that work teams do not exist in a vacuum, but are part of a larger organisational system with distinct cultural and structural characteristics (Tata, 2000:187-193). 1. 2 BACKGROUND TO STUDY An organisational structure is a mainly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim. Organisational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. 3 A hierarchical organisation is an organisational structure where every entity in the organisation, except one, is sub-ordinate to a single other entity. This arrangement is a form of a hierarchy. In an organisation, the hierarchy usually consists of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. This is the dominant mode of organisation among large organisations; most corporations, governments, and organized religions are hierarchical organisations with different levels of management, power or authority. Organisations have recognised that performing organisational projects has increased both organisational efficiency and effectiveness, thus organisational projects are becoming more of a norm than an exception these days. Each type of organisation has advantages and disadvantages pertaining to project implementation. The organisation should establish firm, standardized project management systems. The matrix structure leads to institutionalised conflict which, if properly channelled, should lead to a number of advantages, such as efficiency and flexibility in used of resources, technical excellence of solutions, motivation and development of employees and the freeing of top management from routine decision making (Rowlinson, 2001:669-673). According to Brown (2008:1-9), a seven step organisational process needs to be formally instituted in an organisation through a thoroughly planned strategy to ensure that appropriate project management processes and tools. . 3 PROBLEM FORMULATION In recent years, managers of for-profit private organisations have been under considerable market pressures to re-orient the strategies, operations and business models of their organisations. In a response to these pressures, the organisational structures of these organisations have been steadily re-engineered from mechanistic, rigid and closed system-oriented to a more organic, flexible and open sy stem-oriented (Gomes, Yasin & Lisboa, 2008: 573-585). 4 Most managers focus on how the project methodology can adapt to it’s organisational context, however, in doing so, they sacrifice the flexibility and dynamism of the project approach for the bureaucratic, control-based view of functional organisations (Thiry, 2006:22) The questions to be addressed in this study are as follows: †¢ How does the organisational structure affect the project manager's effectiveness? †¢ To what degree is the effectiveness of the organisational structure sabotaged by the human factor? †¢ Which organisational structures are best suited for project management? 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY . 4. 1 Primary objective The purpose of this study is to verify whether organisational structures influence the effectiveness of a project manager. 1. 4. 2 Theoretical objectives of the study The following theoretical objectives were established in order to support the primary objective. †¢ Conducting management. †¢ Conducting a literature stud y on factors of influence in project management. †¢ Reviewing organisational structure models commonly employed by companies in the project management environment. †¢ Contrasting the literature studied with observations in the industry in practice. 1. 4. Empirical objectives The following empirical objectives were formulated in support of the primary and theoretical objectives. †¢ Identifying key elements of influence on project management success. a literature study on organisational structures in project 5 †¢ Identifying organisational structures employed by companies to ensure support project management. 1. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 1. 5. 1 Literature review Published material in the form of books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, government publications and the Internet formed part of establishing a well-informed theoretical background. . 5. 2 Target population The population was restricted to companies in the Western Cape Province, for econom ic reasons; as most companies are within easy reach. The population comprised project management practitioners. For the purpose of this study, project management practitioners are persons practising project management, who are given the responsibility and accountability for implementing projects in an organisation. In industry, the title varies from company to company. The commonly used titles are Project Supervisor and Project Manager. The companies to be included in the study must be practising project The companies must have a formal project management for more than five years. management structure in place. It is anticipated that many companies may not be keen to share information on this subject. Therefore, to increase the probability of reaching the required sample size, organisations in the entire province were chosen. 1. 5. 3 Sample selection and method of sampling A combination of convenience and judgement sampling was used, in light of the geographical dispersion of the organisations. Care was taken to include a broad variety of project management practitioners. The organisations were grouped according to industries. In the absence of previous research, a minimum sample size of one hundred project management practitioners will be chosen for the study. The sample size has been determined on the basis of the cost of the exercise and accessibility to the various companies. 6 1. 5. 4 The method of data collection The survey method will be used. A personal interview using a structured questionnaire will be used to obtain the required information. This method was chosen as it is simple and allows for clarity of questions. 1. 5. 5 Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used for the initial analysis. The MoonStats package will be used for data analysis. Cross-tabulation and correlation will be used to establish simple relationships between the organisational structure and it’s effects on project management in the business. 1. 6 CHAPTER CLASSIFICATION 1. 6. 1 Chapter two: Literature review An overview is provided of strategies, strategic business levels ad their relationship to each other. This chapter concentrates on organisational structures, competencies and the dynamics of project management. It also explores the need for strategic organisational decisions to further support project management objectives. structures are also highlighted. Different organisational 1. 6. 2 Chapter three: Research Design and Methodology The emphasis of this chapter is on the design of the research, the measuring instruments and population target. employed are outlined. The data analysis procedure and the statistical techniques 1. 6. 3 Chapter four: Results and Findings In this chapter data is analysed, interpreted and evaluated. 1. 6. 4 Chapter five: Conclusions and Recommendations The recommendations emanating from the study are suggested. limitations of the research are highlighted. The benefits and 1. 7 SYNOPSIS This paper is primarily addressed at the decision makers about project management in an organisation. In the arenas of business and management, the principles of project man agement are relatively simple and much of it actually common sense. However, this paper aims to confirm that the implementation and acceptance thereof, in a functionallyonly structured organisation, is quite a complex process. The paper’s prime purpose is herefore to highlight, that after the decision to implement project management is made, a number of not so obvious implications for the organisation, as well as structural, organisational culture and systems changes, have to be thoroughly managed to ensure success. In this chapter the background and scope of research are described. The Research objectives are utilized in an effort to address the research problem. In the next chapter the literature used as background for this study, will be discussed, while the different levels of project management organisational structures and how they are interrelated will be outlined. REFERENCES Cleland, D. , Gareis, R. 2006. Global project management handbook: Planning, McGraw-Hill Organ izing and Controlling International Projects, Second Edition. Professional. Project Management Institute. 2004. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge – 3rd edition. Pennsylvania: PMI Publications. Burke, R. 2007. Project management Techniques college edition. South Africa; Burke Publishing. Gido, J. and Clements, J. P. 2003. Successful Project Management – Second Edition. USA. South-Western. Kerzner, H. 2006. Project Management – Ninth Edition, A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons. Sandhu, M. A. and Gunasekaran, A. 2004. Business process development in projectbased industry. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 10 No. 6:673-690. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Box, S. and Platts, K. 2005. Business process management: establishing and maintaining project alignment. Business Process Management Journal. Vol. 11 No. 4:370-387. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Palmer, M. 2002. How an effective project culture can help to achieve business success: establishing a project culture in Kimberley-Clark Europe. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 34. Number 3:101-105. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Czuchry, A. J. and Yasin, M. M. 2003. Managing the project management process. Industrial Management and Data Systems. 103/1 :39-46. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 9 Rees, W. D. and Porter, C. 2004. Matrix structures and the training implications. Industrial and Commercial Training. Volume 36. Number 5:189–193. Emerald Group Publishing Limited  · ISSN 0019-:189-193 Gomes, C. F. , Yasin, M. M. and Lisboa, J. V. 2008. Project management in the context of organizational change. International Journal of Public Sector Management. Vol. 21 No. 6:573-585. Tata, J. 2000. Autonomous work teams: an examination of cultural and structural constraints. Work Study. Volume 49. Number 5:187-193. MCB University Press. Rowlinson, S. 2001. Matrix organizational structure, culture and commitment: a Hong Kong public sector case study of change. Construction Management and Economics. 19, 669-673. Spon Press. Brown, C. J. and Botha, M. C. 2005. Lessons learnt on implementing project management in a functionally-only structured South African municipality. South African Journal of Business Management. 36(4):1-7 Cheng, M. Su, C. and You, H. 2003. Optimal Project Organizational Structure for Construction Management. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. January/February:70-79. Brown, C. J. 2008. A comprehensive organisational model for the effective management of project management. South African Journal of Business Management. 39(3):1-8. Kennedy, D. A. and Marx, T. 2009. Going Against Traditional Wisdom: Running Proj ects in a Functional Structure. Proceedings of the 2009 Industrial Engineering Research Conference. 368-373. Thiry, M. 2006. The Matrix Evolves. PM Network. Apr. 20,4:22. Eve, A. 2007. Development of project management systems. Industrial and Commercial Training. Vol. 39. No. 2:85-90. 10 Questionnaire For each planning product written, please mark the most suitable answer referring to the projects you were recently involved in, according to the following scale: 54321ABThe product is always obtained The product is quite frequently obtained The product is frequently obtained The product is seldom obtained The product is hardly ever obtained The product is irrelevant to the projects I am involved in I do not know whether the product is obtained Please choose between 1-5 and A or B. Part A – Project Planning Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 1. Project Plan 2. Project Deliverables 3. WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) Chart 4. Project Activities 5. PERT or Gantt Chart 6. Activity Duration Estimate 7. Activity Start and End Dates 8. Activity Required Resources 9. Resource Cost 10. Time-phased Budget 11. Quality Management Plan 12. Role and Responsibility Assignments 13. Project Staff Assignments 14. Communications Management Plan 15. Risk Management Plan 16. Procurement Management Plan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 11 Part B – Organisational Support Planning Product Never Always Do not know Irrelevant 17. Project-Based Organisation 18. Extent of Existence of Projects’ Procedures 19. Appropriate Project Manager Assignment 20. Extent of Refreshing Project Procedures 21. Extent of Involvement of the Project Manager during Initiation Stage 22. Extent of Communication between the Project Manager and the Organisation during the Planning Phase 23. Extent of Existence of Project Success Measurement 24. Extent of Supportive Project Organisational Structure 25. Extent of Existence of Interactive InterDepartmental Project Planning Groups 26. Extent of Organisational Projects Resource Planning 27. Extent of Organisational Projects Risk Management 28. Extent of Organisational Projects Quality Management 29. Extent of On Going Project Management Training Programs 30. Extent of Use of Standard Project Management Software (e. . Ms-Project) 31. Extent of Use of New Project Tools and Techniques 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A B B B B B B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 A A A A A A A A A B B B B B B B B B 12 Part C – Organisational Characteristics a. Organisation type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? (2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Government ? (3) Production ? (6) Maintenance ? (9) Other: ______ b. Project type: ? (1) Engineering ? (4) Construction ? (7) Services ? 2) Software ? (5) Communications ? (8) Aeronautics ? (3) Electronics ? (6) Mechanics ? (9) Other: _____ c. Evaluate the following indexes in the scale of 1 to 10 (1-low, 10-high): Index Low High Quality of planning of project you are involved in Project performance at the end of the projects Customer satisfaction at the end of the projects Risk level at the beginning of the project 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d. Your personal involvement in projects: ? Project Manager ? Project Team Member ? Other: _______ 13

Super Essay

Writing an Essay See also: Super Tips – Differences between Essays, Reports and Journals Super Tips – Writing in an Appropriate Style Essays are usually written: †¢ to inform your reader about your position in relation to a particular issue †¢ to argue for change or recommend action †¢ to analyse problems and present solutions †¢ to present and evaluate research findings Writing an essay is an opportunity for you to develop new ideas and apply concepts and theories from your course. You’ll develop a thesis (or position) and use reasoning and evidence to support your point of view. A tertiary essay is similar to essays you’ve written at secondary school, particularly those written in your last couple of years at school. However, there are some differences you need to be aware of: †¢ Citing all the sources you use is extremely important. If you don’t, you’ll be guilty of plagiarism, which is taken very seriously by the University. You can find out how to cite your sources and write reference lists in the Learning Links – Referencing leaflet. Most essays will be longer than you’ve written at secondary school (most are between 1500 and 2500 words) and will be worth a large percentage of your semester’s marks. You’ll usually be expected to analyse issues at a deeper level than you did at secondary school. †¢ †¢ This resource has some useful hints on how to analyse your essay topic, plan and write your essay. Steps in the essay writing process Although no two writers work in the same way, there is a general system that many good writers follow. This system involves following the step-by-step process outlined below. Skim through the main points now, and when you need to write an essay, check out the extra information about each point. 1. Analyse the question – underline key words – put question into own words – look for hints on structure ‘Brainstorm’ the question – to take stock of what you already know 2. Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 1 – to give you a focus for your reading – to give you the beginnings of a plan 3. Start your research – begin with general reading – look for potential ways to structure your essay – remember to record bibliographical details and page numbers of references as you go Plan the essay – write down the main points/arguments, preferably using a mind map – write any secondary points and their relationship to the main points Continue your research – this is focused research, where you seek further information about each of the main points/arguments Write! most people find it easier to concentrate on the body first, then the conclusion, followed by the introduction †¢ decide on a logical order for your points/arguments †¢ remember that each paragraph should contain one idea, which is stated in the topic †¢ sentence. Other sentences in the paragraph should explain, give evidence for and possibly give examples. †¢ concentrate on one point at a time, but in your final editing, make sure each paragraph is linked to the next †¢ expect to write several drafts †¢ don’t worry about spelling, grammar, sentence structure or finding the ‘right’ word until you’ve finalised the content of the essay. . 5. 6. Analysing the question Once you’ve selected your topic, you need to be sure you understand what it means before you begin any researching or reading. A common problem is to make a quick assumption that you know what it means and what’s expected of you. However, if you’re wrong, even if you write a great essay, you won’t get very high marks if it doesn’t do what the topic says it will do. Here are some strategies: †¢ Underline or highlight the key content words or phrases and direction words (such as discuss, evaluate, analyse, etc. and make sure you understand them. It’s easy to overlook the direction words, but if you just describe something when you’ve been asked to analyse it, your essay is likely to get fe w marks. Check here to make sure you know the meaning of each. Here’s an example of the process: Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 2 Essay topic: ‘Explain the double-binds that managers are faced with in hierarchical organisations. The key content words are: double-bind; manager; and hierarchical organisations. The direction word is explain. You probably think you already know what these words mean, but it pays to make sure you’re not overlooking some part of the meaning. For instance, if you really think about these words, you might come up with these definitions: Explain: to analyse, focusing on the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a particular issue; to identify reasons, causes and effects; to go beyond describing and summarising. ouble-bind: a dilemma; an argument forcing an opponent to choose one of two equally bad alternatives a person conducting a business or institution; manager: a person controlli ng activities of a person/team hierarchical organisations: an organised system, or set of connected things or parts in some type of order such as order of importance. †¢ Re-write the topic in your own words. This is a useful way of checking whether you’ve really understood the question. For example, for the topic mentioned above, two possible ways of re-writing could be: ‘Analyse why and how the dilemmas come about that are faced by people who lead, guide and direct systems (organised with levels and ranks). Identify the causes and effects of these dilemmas. ’ ‘Analyse the causes and effects of dilemmas faced by persons leading, guiding and directing ranked systems. ’ †¢ Identify what concepts or ideas from your course apply to this topic (refer to your lecture or class notes and any other readings). Think about any controversies or arguments in relation to this topic (your lecturers or teachers will probably have referred to these). Write out a short statement giving your position on the topic. This may change after you’ve done some research and thought more about the topic, but if you do it at this stage it’s easier for you to keep focused. Write down relevant information about the topic. Make notes about the areas of the topic you need to research. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 3 †¢ Write a possible outline of the essay. This is likely to change as you research the topic but it’s useful to think of the organisation of your essay even at this stage. Brainstorming the question Brainstorming is a useful process to find out what you already know about the essay topic. Get a large piece of paper and let your mind go – write down anything that comes to mind when you think of the essay topic. It’s important that you don’t stop to think about whether what you’re writing is relevant or not. The next step is to look at what you’ve written and look for the beginnings of a plan for your essay. At this stage you can cross out anything you don’t think is relevant and, of course, add other things you think of. Beginning your research Now you need to locate appropriate references. You need to first read widely to get an overview of the topic, problem, issue or debate, then narrow your reading down to a few specific authors or key issues. You should find reference material in the library, in resources or bibliographies from your teacher or lecturer, and on the Internet. A word of warning when using the Internet, however – check to see that the information comes from a reliable and reputable source. Remember, also, that the RMIT librarians can help you. Remember to make notes as you go, and to record all bibliographic information as soon as you make a note or photocopy. It can take weeks of backtracking to find out where you got that wonderful quote you need to use! When you feel confident that you’ve read enough material, you need to develop a thesis statement. This is your position in relation to the topic. It’s the driving force throughout your essay. Planning your essay An essay outline is like the skeleton of your argument. You can do this linearly (writing a list of main points with secondary points indented) or visually (for instance, drawing a mind map or other diagram). Whichever format you use, you’ll need to identify: †¢ the main point †¢ your supporting points or elaborations †¢ the evidence you’ll use to support each point. Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 4 For an example of a linear and a mind map outline for an essay and the sample essay that was developed from them, check out the Learning Links – Sample Essay leaflet. Continuing your research This is the easy part of your research because you know what information you’re looking for. You’ve done your preliminary research and organised this information into an outline, and now your task is to find more information about each of the points on your outline. At this stage, as well as more information about points on your outline, you may find another point or two that you need to add. This is OK – just reorganise your essay outline. Writing your essay Finally, you can begin writing. You don’t have to write your essay in the same order that people read it. Sometimes you might find that writing the introduction first helps you to be clear about the content and intention of the essay. However, at other times you might find that it’s better to write in this order: †¢ †¢ †¢ Write the body first (because this is the most important part) then write the conclusion (so you can sum up while your main arguments are fresh in your mind) and finally write the introduction (because sometimes it’s difficult to write it until you’re clear about what it is you’re introducing). This is the stage when you need to think of the writing style. You need to write in an academic style (check out the Learning Links – Writing in an Appropriate Style leaflet) and you need to write clear paragraphs and sentences. Writing the body of the essay In the body of the essay, all the preparation you’ve done so far comes together. Follow the outline you’ve made already and write paragraphs with: †¢ †¢ †¢ Main Points Supporting Points Elaboration Main Point Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 5 Write down one of your main ideas, in sentence form. If your main idea is ‘private enterprise should not run public utilities', you might say this: The Longford Gas Inquiry revealed to the community the damaging consequences of private ownership of public enterprises. Supporting Point Next, write down each of your supporting points for that main idea, but leave four or five lines in between each point. One of your supporting points may be: Private companies are obliged to run their operations in an entirely different way to government. Elaboration You may find the visual outline useful here. In the space under each supporting point, write down some elaboration for that point. Elaboration can be further description, explanation, examples, support from research or discussion: When the main point of an operation is to make a profit, efficiency and safety can be the first to suffer. A private company is not answerable to the Victorian community in the same way that the government is. Public utilities remain a matter of political importance even when they are privatised. You flesh out your body paragraphs in this way, and use joining sentences and quotations. Once you have fleshed out each of your body paragraphs, one for each main point, you are ready to continue. For example: When the Kennett Liberal government came to power in 1992, it considered that part of its mandate was the privatisation of a number of public enterprises. The first utilities to be sold off were gas and electricity. Although Esso had always operated a gas plant at Longford, (near Sale in East Victoria) it had previously done so in partnership the government through the Victorian Gas and Fuel Corporation. Esso now ran the plant and supplied the gas through Vencorp, a private company that had replaced one of the delivery functions of the Gas and Fuel Corporation. On Thursday 24 September 1998 a series of explosions at the Esso Longford plant left two people dead and eight injured. The explosion left gas supplies at dangerously low levels, with the only gas available for consumers being what was left in the pipes. Victorians faced a crisis in terms of dwindling gas supplies and naturally enough turned to their government for leadership. Whilst the governments was able to invoke special powers to protect gas supplies, it was not in fact responsible for the continuing delivery of gas to consumers. In this paragraph, which would probably be the first body paragraph, we have introduced our main point of privatisation, and sub-points of how that particular example worked. We have fleshed it out with factual information surrounding the situation, and closed the paragraph with reference to the explosion at Longford. In the second body paragraph which follows this one we might include a description of the explosion and its aftermath, and possibly why and how it happened Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 6 Writing the introduction The introduction should be designed to attract the reader’s attention and give an idea of the essay’s focus. You need to set out clearly, concisely and forcefully your approach to, and interpretation of, the question as well as your point of view on it. You might wish to agree with part of the question but disagree with other parts. If so, make sure this is clear in your introduction. The introduction should also include a general broad outline of the more detailed arguments you will write about in the main body of your essay. Most introductions have information organised from the general (broad) to the specific (narrow). Introductions should include: * A general statement introducing the topic * A thesis statement expressing your point of view * A statement outlining the areas and perspectives to be discussed * An outline of the organisation of the topic (optional) * Any definitions necessary for the reader to understand the topic (but if there are many, or if they need explaining at length, it’s better to do this in the next paragraph) Writing the conclusion A good conclusion should draw the arguments together and reinforce points made in the body of the essay. There is more variation in the contents and organisation of a conclusion than there is in an introduction. However, there are some features many have in common. A conclusion should: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ remind the reader of the thesis of the essay provide a summary of the main points and arguments point to the significance of your findings point out the implications of the issues not simply restate the introduction. contain no new material (i. e. it should not introduce any new points). Check the instructions for formatting and style Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. du. au/lsu February 2005 7 When you prepare your final draft, it’s important to follow all of the instructions you’ve been given. Some Departments, Schools and Faculties have a style guide for student writing, or sometimes you’re given a sheet at the beginning of the year with formatting and style instructions. If you haven’t been given any inform ation, ask your lecturer or teacher if they or the department have any style preferences. Here are some style and formatting questions you should find out: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ How big should the margins be? Is there an official cover sheet? What information (eg date, lecturer’s or teacher’s name, course number, etc) must you include? Should I double-space my lines? Should I put it in a folder or plastic sheet? What referencing style should I use? Check your writing This is the stage when you need to review, edit and proofread so you can improve the way you present your ideas. A good way to do it is to read your paper when it’s finished and then put it away for a couple of days. Read it again and answer these questions: †¢ †¢ †¢ Does it make sense? Is there a logical development of ideas? Do the sentences flow smoothly from one to another? If not, add some words to help connect them. Look at transition words you’ve used, such as therefore and however. If you’ve used the same transition words throughout your essay, check out some others you could use. Is your spelling, punctuation and grammar OK? Have you used the formatting requested by your lecturer or teacher? Have you used the referencing style expected by your lecturer or teacher? Have you checked your references list or bibliography to see that it is correctly formatted? †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Once you’ve checked your work, give it to someone else to read (preferably someone who isn’t familiar with your topic). Other people often pick up the simple mistakes or ‘typos’ such as writing and for an. When we read our own work, we often read what we think is there rather than what’s actually there. The final thing for you to do is to make sure you have another electronic copy as well as another printed copy just in case your essay goes astray. Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 8 These materials were produced by the RMIT Learning Skills Unit. For further information or comments please email judy. [email  protected] edu. au Learning Links Super Tips/writing an essay www. rmit. edu. au/lsu February 2005 9